The ideal pelton runner absolute velocity from nozzle. Only a few large low head francis turbines made by kvaerner have been. General arrangements for pelton, francis, kaplan and kaplan bulb turbine power. The water coming from the reservoir through penstock is accelerated to a certain velocity by means of a nozzle. The spear is a conical needle which is operated either by a hand wheel or. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan. Difference between frances turbine and kaplan turbine. With about 60% of the global hydropower capacity in the world, francis turbines are the most widely used type of hydro turbine. For a given head and output kaplan turbine runs at a higher speed.
This turbine has a small number of blades generally 4. A variety of system problems could be solved by index testing kaplan turbines installed in the various facilities. A francis turbine operates at its maximum efficiency point at. Kaplan turbine has adjustable runner blades with less number of. Sturbines, pumpturbines, standard and customized products. It was developed in 19 by the austrian professor viktor kaplan. On the other hand francis and kaplan turbines are reacti.
Alternatively, the more expensive kaplan turbine has variablepitch blades which can be altered to give much better partload efficiency, perhaps 90% at one third of full rated output. First, a theoretical design was performed for determining the main characteristics where it showed an efficiency of 94%. The kaplan turbine design has improved significantly since that time. Types of reaction turbines kaplan turbine francis turbine kinetic turbine 15. Hydraulic turbines difference between impulse and reaction hydraulic turbines. Francis turbine had some limitations which were overcome by kaplan turbine. Kaplan turbine the kaplan turbine is a water turbine which has adjustable blades and is used for low heads and high discharges. The efficiency of a turbine is highly influenced by its runner wheel and this work aims to study the design of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. Turgo turbines are impulse water turbine, similar to the pelton wheel. Compared to the pelton and francis turbines, kaplan turbines and. Stateofthe artpowerhouse, dam structure, and turbine. The andritz hydro kaplan turbine is utilized on a low head application with up to 90 m and a unit output of up to more than 230 mw.
In the turbine the fluid flows from the pressure penstock into the turbine machine and first flows through a cascade of guide vanes. Pelton wheel is an impulse turbine where static pressure head of water is converted into mechanical energy. Runner also named impeller of pelton turbine consists of a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets are fixed. Kaplan turbine its components, working and application. The kaplan turbine is a propellertype water turbine which has adjustable blades. What we have not done is the component of the reaction turbines, francis and kaplan, so i will spend some time to discuss the components, the velocity triangles. Comparison between francis and kaplan turbines fluid. The effective head across the turbine is 160 m and the speed required for electrical generation is 750 rpm. Kaplan turbine disposition of shaft is only in vertical direction number of vanes france turbine has very large number of blades 16 to 24 kaplan turbine has very small number of blades 3 to 8. Difference between pelton, francis and kaplan turbines. What is the difference between a pelton wheel and the. Pelton turbine propellers francis and kaplan banki. You will find the heliciel site, a method of minihydropower plant design, complete, allowing the design and performance estimation and dimensional parameters of the propeller or kaplan turbine, from guide vanes to draft tube. According to their construction, working and operating conditions following are the major.
The two main types of reaction turbine are the propeller turbine with kaplan variant and the francis turbine. It is equipped for working at low head and high stream rates effectively which is inconceivable with francis turbine. Evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine wikipedia. Load variation effects on the pressure fluctuations. Which was designed and developed by the australian engineer viktor kaplan. The rotation speed rpm is higher than that of the francis turbine. Storage pumps, radial, semiaxial and axialflow pumps. Mavels kaplan turbines involve design modifications such as a vertical scroll case turbine, bulb turbine, pit turbine, s turbine and z saxo turbine. Draft tube evolution from francis turbine to kaplan turbine hydropower jonval.
Therefore, the value of specific speed of kaplan turbine is higher than that of the pelton turbine. The francis turbine was developed by an american engineer james bichens francis around 1855. His design is extremely flexible and can be tailored to different head heights and flow rates. The kaplan turbine is a propeller type water turbine with 4 to 7 adjustable blades. Pelton wheel easiest to understand invented in california late 1800s high head, low flow water flows from nozzle, reverses direction in pelton wheel buckets, exits. Previous project with kaplan turbine with similar specific speed was considered to be the base geometry. Hydro energia 2012 kaplan, francis, pelton turbines up to 40 mw hydro energia, a major player of the hydro. Differences between francis and kaplan turbines mech4study. The working scope of head at which the kaplan turbine works more efficienlty is 10 to 70 m. The invention of kaplan turbine is evolution in the field of hydraulic turbines or we can say that it is the upgrade version of francis turbine. It was developed in 19 by austrian professor viktor kaplan, who combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level the kaplan turbine was an evolution of the francis turbine. It was named after james bicheno francis 18151892, the american engineer who invented the apparatus in 1849. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of.
Experiences with the hydraulic design of the high specific. Object oriented modelling and simulation of kaplan turbines. Francis turbine is the most common type of turbine in practice, which presents a sidebyside design of generator. Learn about the comparison between francis and kaplan turbines. Kaplan turbine has lesser friction loss and higher efficiency. As in the case of a francis turbine, the kaplan turbine is provided with a spiral casing, guide vane assembly and a draft tube. Kaplan engineering kaplan engineering gce o level mathematics past papers download, advanced communication lab viva question and answer, paradox alarm manual. Francis turbine converts energy at high pressure heads which are not easily available and hence a turbine was required to convert the energy at low pressure. Optimizing kaplan turbine efficiency with minimal cost. Difference between francis and kaplan turbine pdf 23. It is also called as propeller turbine and evolved from the francis turbine. Francis turbines are cheaper than pelton s turbine and there is no special need for pelton s turbine because variable loads are not likely to come and water is not sandy which may certainly need pelton s turbines.
The francis turbine is a mixedflow radial turbine and is used for medium heads in the range from 5 to 400 m. Kaplan turbine is an axial reaction flow turbine and has adjustable blades if water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft, the turbine is known as the axial flow turbine and if the head of the inlet of the turbine is the sum of pressure energy and kinetic energy during the flow of water through a runner a part of pressure energy is converted into kinetic energy, the. Introduction to turbine machinery university of ljubljana. Difference between frances turbine and kaplan turbine type of turbine. Francis turbine is used for the production of electricity in hydro power stations. The degree of efficiency is very high with more than 95 %. Water enters the runner and flows towards the center of the wheel in the radial direction and. Kaplan turbine and francis turbine pdfcomponents, working. Find powerpoint presentations and slides using the power of, find free presentations research about kaplan turbine ppt. Turbines kaplan francis the kaplan turbine was invented in the czech republic by victor kaplan in 1912 1914. Its similar to the propeller turbine, except that its blades are adjustable. Francis turbines are generally arranged so that the axis is vertical although smaller turbines can have a horizontal axis.
Modern layout for large kaplan machine customer francis turbine 100 10 0 0 0,1 1 10 100 output mw head m small hydro large hydro. Austrian engineer viktor kaplan 18761934 invented this turbine. Following are the differences between pelton wheel, francis and kaplan turbine. Difference between kaplan and francis turbine compare. What is the differences between pelton turbine and kaplan turbine. This turbine is used for medium heads with medium discharge. Francis turbine its components, working and application. An unsteady vortical flow also develops in the vaneless space during load. The classical functional structure of a hydrogenerator with a kaplan turbine is presented schematically in figure 1. Kaplan turbines can operate under a wide range of head conditions, but francis turbine requires relatively higher head conditions.
For liquids, we usually call them hydraulic turbines or hydroturbines. Design and analysis of a kaplan turbine runner wheel. The francis turbine is a type of water turbine that was developed by james b. Francis turbine is a combination of both impulse and reaction turbine, where the blades rotate using both reaction and impulse force of water flowing through them producing electricity more efficiently. It has fixed runner blades and adjustable guide vanes. Introduction to francis turbine diagram, working principle the francis turbine is a mixed flow reaction turbine. Turbine is a general term for any device that extracts mechanical energy from a fluid generally converting it to rotating energy of a turbine wheel. Pressure distribution and torque pressure side suction side 0,24 l cord length, l single profile cascade the pressure at the outlet is lower for a cascade than. They work with medium head plants 50250m, overlapping the head range of francis, pelton, and to a small extent kaplan turbines. Abstract the aim for turbine design is to increase the efficiency and avoid cavitation and fractures during operation. There are two main types of reaction turbine francis and kaplan. Kaplan turbine has high speed runner than that of pelton turbine.
Francis turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. The major part of pressure drop occurs in the turbine itself, unlike the impulse turbine where. Pelton turbine was developed by lester allan pelton in the year 1870. Kaplantype hydraulic turbine in which the positions of the runner blades and the wicket gates are adjustable for load change with sustained efficiency, it is a purely axial flow turbine with a vertical shaft disposition. The pelton, francis and kaplan turbines are water turbines that are rotary machines which convert kinetic energy and the potential energy of the water into mechanical energy that rotates the shaft to produce electric energy. In 19, an austrian professor viktor kaplan who developed this turbine combined automatically adjusted propeller blades with automatically adjusted wicket gates to achieve efficiency over a wide range of flow and water level. It was designed by american scientist james francis. Energy conversion in a pelton turbine outlet outlet of the runner inlet of the runner outlet of the needle inlet of the needle 2 c2. Therefore, in this article, we can discuss both the kaplan turbine and reaction turbine so that we can complete the session of hydraulic turbines. In the turbine machinery the energy conversion is indirect and always takes place through the change of kinetic energy of the fluid. The next goal of hydraulic design was to use all main parts of this turbine and retain them for design of a totally new francis type runner see fig. Very simple kaplan turbine design durham university.
Kaplan turbine is smaller and compact compared to francis turbine. Indexing is essentially tuning a kaplan turbine to maximize its operating efficiency. While kaplan turbines are very expensive to design, manufacture and install, they operate for decades wikipedia kaplan turbine. Lecture on pelton turbine indian institute of technology.
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